What is Thorium?

Thorium

Periodic Table

Symbol

Group Number

0 18

Period Number

7 1

Block

f block

Element Family

Actinide

CAS Number

7440326 49

Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Space Group Number

194.00 7

Facts

Interesting Facts

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

History

Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Discovery

In 1829

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 % 10

Abundance In Sun

0.00 % 9

Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 % 11

Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 % 7

Abundance In Oceans

0.00 % 15

Abundance In Humans

0.00 % 24

Uses

Uses & Benefits

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

Yes

In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3 36

In Bone

0.02 p.p.m. 34

Physical

Melting Point

1,750.00 °C 17

Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C 8

Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Silver

Luster

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

3.00 13

Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa 35

Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPa 47

Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s 52

Optical Properties

Refractive Index

1.60 33

Reflectivity

15.00 % 36

Allotropes

α Allotropes

β Allotropes

γ Allotropes

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

28 11

Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.30 33

Sanderson Electronegativity

1.30 25

Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.11 30

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.30 33

Allen Electronegativity

1.30 40

Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.70 22

Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 60

2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol 74

3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol 81

4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol 77

5th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 52

6th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 65

7th Energy level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 57

8th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 55

9th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 53

10th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 55

11th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 60

12th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 63

13th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 49

14th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 38

15th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol 50

16th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol 39

17th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol 61

18th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol 52

19th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 59

20th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 55

21st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 68

22nd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 50

23rd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 68

24th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 52

25th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 54

26th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol 55

27th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol 55

28th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol 59

29th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol 60

30th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol 57

Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr 28

Electron Work Function

3.41 eV 43

Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Atomic

Atomic Number

90 28

Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100

Atom

Number of Protons

90 28

Number of Neutrons

142 16

Number of Electrons

90 28

Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

179.80 pm 17

Covalent Radius

206.00 pm 7

Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm 19

Atomic Weight

232.04 amu 23

Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol 32

Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV) 24

Lattice Constant

508.42 pm 16

Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.10 60

Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm³ 34

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.72 g/cm3 32

Tensile Strength

75.00 MPa 30

Viscosity

0.00 23

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa) 37

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa) 22

Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa 25

Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa 23

Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa 26

Poisson Ratio

0.27 20

Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

11.70 36

Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m 17

Susceptibility

0.00 24

Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Superconductor

Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m 22

Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω 36

Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol 49

Thermal

Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K) 42

Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K 38

Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K 28

Critical Temperature

2,023.00 K 20

Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K) 49

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol 20

Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol 19

Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol 20

Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K 73

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