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Berkelium
Berkelium

Gadolinium
Gadolinium



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Berkelium
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Berkelium vs Gadolinium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Bk
Gd
1.2 Group Number
NA0
Sodium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
76
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74404067440542
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1949
In 1880
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NA2 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000002 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NA0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NA0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
986.00 °C1,311.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C3,233.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA510.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA2,680.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Bk
Gd
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1426
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.20
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.201.11
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
2.70NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.80
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
NA3.10 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
9764
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
9764
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
15093
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
9764
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm180.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
NA196.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
NA237.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
247.00 amu47.87 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
NA19.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
341.60 pm363.60 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.59
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA7.39 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
NA21.80 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
NA37.90 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
NA54.80 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
NA0.26
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.007.90
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
NA1.31 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
NA50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
NA0.23 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA37.03 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
NA9.40 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA359.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
NA10.05 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
NA352.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA68.10 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1