Symbol
Cn
Gd
Group Number
120
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
76
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
540842637440542
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
-
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
187.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
Copernicium was first synthesized in 1996 by a German research team.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Synthetically Produced
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1996
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
-0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
-0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
-0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
-
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
-1,311.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
0.00 °C3,233.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
-
Silvery White
Luster
Unknown Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.004.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
240.00 MPa700.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
3,570.00 MPa510.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,570.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.901.97
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
45.00 %59.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cn
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
126
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.901.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.301.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.901.11
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.901.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.901.20
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.002.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,154.90 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
2,170.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
4,245.40 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,499.70 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,850.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol594.10 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
1,157.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol594.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
357.00 kJ/mol593.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol593.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV3.10 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
11264
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
11264
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
28593
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
11264
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm180.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm196.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm237.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
285.00 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
17.80 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
-363.60 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
-
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.59
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
23.70 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.70 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa158.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
35.00 GPa37.90 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa54.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.350.26
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
23.707.90
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
-
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
-
Conductor
Resistivity
4.90 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
-50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
13.10 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
13.00 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K1,585.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.80 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
357.20 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
-10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
-352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻