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Curium vs Hafnium

Curium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Curium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cm  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440519  
36
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Curium metal does not occur free in nature.
  • Curium metal is a synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Helium Ions  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Curium metal is used to provide power to electrical equipment for space missions.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,340.00 °C  
34
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,110.00 °C  
31
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
461.00 MPa  
37
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cm  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,196.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,026.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,550.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,690.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
96  
22
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Curium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
96  
22
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
151  
11
106  
30
Number of Electrons
96  
22
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm  
22
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
169.00 pm  
28
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
18.28 cm3/mol  
38
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Americium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Berkelium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
336.25 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.67  
11
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.51 g/cm3  
26
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.85 g/cm3  
25
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
32.00 GPa  
24
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.51  
28
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.25 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.13 106/cm Ω  
19
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.50 J/mol·K  
21
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,340.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
331.60 kJ/mol  
40
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.00 kJ/mol  
22
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
52.50 J/mol.K  
36
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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