Darmstadtium

Hafnium

Darmstadtium vs Hafnium

Darmstadtium

Hafnium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

104

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Probably Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

540837717440586

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Not Available

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

NA194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Not Available

Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.

2.2 Sources

Synthetically Produced

By-product Zirconium Refining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung

Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1994

In 1922

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA7 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0000001 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Currently known uses of Darmstadtium metal are limited to research purpose only. As only few atoms of this metal are produced.

It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Ammunition Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Research Purposes

Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Unknown

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

NA2,150.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

NA5,400.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Unknown

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Unknown Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA5.50

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA1,450.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA1,520.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,090.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

932

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

NA1.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

NA1.23

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.16

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

NA2.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

955.20 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,891.10 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,029.60 kJ/mol2,250.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,955.90 kJ/mol3,216.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

5,113.70 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

NA1.66 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA3.90 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

11072

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁸ 7s²

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

11072

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

161106

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

11072

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

132.00 pm159.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

128.00 pm175.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

281.00 amu178.49 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

NA13.60 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA81.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

NA319.64 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.58

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

NA13.31 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA12.00 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA445.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA30.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA110.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA78.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.37

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Unknown

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

NA13.31

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Unknown

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

NA331.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.03 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.14 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA25.73 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA23.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NA5.90 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA661.10 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA25.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA703.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA43.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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