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Einsteinium Promethium Comparison

Einsteinium
Promethium
Promethium Einsteinium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Es  
Pm  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7429927  
99+
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Einsteinium is the transuranic element found in US.
  • Only 0.01 mg of Einsteinium was synthesized in 1961.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Einsteinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
860.00 °C  
99+
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
996.00 °C  
99+
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
-  
Brinell Hardness
240.00 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,850.00 m/s  
40
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Es  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.54  
27
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,334.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,734.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
40
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
61,900.00 kJ/mol  
30
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
15
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
38
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,190.00 kJ/mol  
15
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
40
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
619.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
40
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
619.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.74 g/amp-hr  
5
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
99  
19
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f11 7s2  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Einsteinium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
99  
19
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
99  
19
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
252.00 amu  
16
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.04 cm3/mol  
99+
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Californium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Fermium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
582.00 pm  
8
-  
Lattice Angles
-  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.29  
99+
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.84 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.84 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.84  
99+
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.30 nΩ·m  
99+
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
15
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,133.00 K  
99+
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.50 µm/(m·K)  
33
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
323.80 kJ/mol  
99+
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.80 kJ/mol  
24
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
Summary >>
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