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Fermium vs Americium

Fermium
Americium
Americium vs Fermium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fm  
Am  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440724  
19
7440359  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
Sources
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1944  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,527.00 °C  
26
994.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
2,607.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
64.00 %  
19
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fm  
Am  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
18  
21
16  
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
13th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
22nd Energy Level
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
24th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
Electron Work Function
4.47 eV  
21
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
100  
18
95  
23
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Not Known  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
100  
18
95  
23
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
148  
13
Number of Electrons
100  
18
95  
23
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
173.00 pm  
23
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
245.00 pm  
13
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
257.00 amu  
15
243.00 amu  
20
Atomic Volume
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Einsteinium
  
Plutonium
  
Next Element
Mendelevium
  
Curium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
350.00 pm  
99+
346.81 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
13
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
13.67 g/cm3  
26
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
13
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
26.00 GPa  
36
Bulk Modulus
50.00 GPa  
24
44.00 GPa  
32
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
58.00 GPa  
36
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.70  
99+
13.67  
26
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,449.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
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