1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74405867440359
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
- Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
-
In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C994.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C2,607.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1.2 Electronegativity
1.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.3.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.4.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
1.6 Electropositivity
1.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.8 Ionization Energies
1.8.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
1.8.2 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,158.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
1.9.2 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,132.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.9.4 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol3,493.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.9.5 5th Energy Level
1.9.7 6th Energy Level
1.9.8 7th Energy level
1.10.1 8th Energy Level
1.10.2 9th Energy Level
1.10.3 10th Energy Level
1.10.4 11th Energy Level
1.10.5 12th Energy Level
1.10.6 13th Energy Level
1.10.7 14th Energy Level
1.10.8 15th Energy Level
1.10.9 16th Energy Level
1.10.10 17th Energy Level
1.10.11 18th Energy Level
1.10.12 19th Energy Level
1.10.13 20th Energy Level
1.10.14 21st Energy Level
1.10.15 22nd Energy Level
1.10.16 23rd Energy Level
1.10.17 24th Energy Level
1.10.18 25th Energy Level
1.10.19 26th Energy Level
1.10.20 27th Energy Level
1.10.21 28th Energy Level
1.10.22 29th Energy Level
1.10.23 30th Energy Level
1.11 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr3.02 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.12 Electron Work Function
1.13 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 5f7 7s2
2.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
2.3.1 Crystal Lattice
2.4 Atom
2.4.1 Number of Protons
2.4.2 Number of Neutrons
2.4.3 Number of Electrons
2.5 Radius of an Atom
2.5.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm173.00 pm
112
265
2.5.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm180.00 pm
96
260
2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm244.00 pm
139
348
2.6 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu243.00 amu
6.94
294
2.7 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol17.86 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.8.1 Previous Element
2.8.2 Next Element
2.9 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)44.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.10 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm346.81 pm
228.58
891.25
2.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm312.00 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
4.1.4 Susceptibility
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
4.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m0.69 nΩ·m
0.18
961
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.11 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K62.70 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K10.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.4 Critical Temperature
5.5 Thermal Expansion
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol14.39 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol268.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
5.7 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1