1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405867440508
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1922
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %6 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.00007 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
3.1.1 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA1.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C1,084.62 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C2,562.00 °C
147
5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
6.7.3 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.7.5 Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa343.00 MPa
121
3430
6.9 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
6.11 Optical Properties
6.11.1 Refractive Index
7.2.2 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.4.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.4.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.7 Electropositivity
8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.8 Ionization Energies
8.8.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.8.3 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.8.5 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.8.7 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.8.9 5th Energy Level
NA7,700.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.8.11 6th Energy Level
NA9,900.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.8.13 7th Energy level
NA13,400.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
8.8.15 8th Energy Level
NA16,000.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
8.8.17 9th Energy Level
NA19,200.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
8.8.19 10th Energy Level
NA22,400.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
8.8.21 11th Energy Level
NA25,600.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.8.22 12th Energy Level
NA35,600.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.8.24 13th Energy Level
NA38,700.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
8.8.26 14th Energy Level
NA42,000.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
8.8.28 15th Energy Level
NA46,700.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
8.8.30 16th Energy Level
NA50,200.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
8.8.32 17th Energy Level
NA53,700.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
8.8.33 18th Energy Level
NA61,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
8.8.35 19th Energy Level
NA64,702.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
8.8.37 20th Energy Level
NA163,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
8.8.39 21st Energy Level
NA174,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
8.8.41 22nd Energy Level
NA184,900.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
8.8.43 23rd Energy Level
NA198,800.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
8.8.45 24th Energy Level
8.8.47 25th Energy Level
8.8.49 26th Energy Level
8.8.51 27th Energy Level
8.8.53 28th Energy Level
8.8.55 29th Energy Level
8.8.57 30th Energy Level
8.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.11 Electron Work Function
8.13 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.7.2 Number of Neutrons
10.7.4 Number of Electrons
10.8 Radius of an Atom
10.8.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
10.9.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
10.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm140.00 pm
139
348
10.10 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
10.12 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.14.1 Previous Element
10.14.2 Next Element
10.15 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.18 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm361.49 pm
228.58
891.25
10.20 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.21 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.2 Tensile Strength
12.3 Viscosity
12.5 Vapor Pressure
12.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.8 Elasticity properties
12.8.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
12.9.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa140.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.9.4 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa120.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.10 Poisson Ratio
12.12 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
13.1.3 Permeability
NA1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
14.1.2 Susceptibility
NA-9.63 * 10-6
-0.000166
200000
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.3.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.3.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.2 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.4 Critical Temperature
16.6 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.7 Enthalpy
16.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.9.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.9.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.11 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1