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Hafnium
Hafnium

Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium



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Hafnium
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Hafnium vs Rutherfordium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Hf
Rf
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine
4
Rank: 14 (Overall)
4
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Gadolinium
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1.3 Period Number
Uranium
6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
7
Rank: 1 (Overall)
Lithium
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1.4 Block
d block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
Roentgenium
7440586
Rank: 30 (Overall)
53850365
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Aluminium
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1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
1.8 Space Group Number
Sodium
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium
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2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1922
In 1964
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron
7 * 10-8 %
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
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2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
Iron
~0.0000001 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
~-9999 %
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron
0.00 %
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Gold
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2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium
0.00 %
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium
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2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium
0.00 %
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Protactinium
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2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
Calcium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium
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3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Unknown
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
3.2.3 In Blood
Sodium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Plutonium
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3.2.4 In Bone
Calcium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Plutonium
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4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
Tungsten
2,150.00 °C
Rank: 10 (Overall)
2,100.00 °C
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Francium
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4.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten
5,400.00 °C
Rank: 5 (Overall)
5,500.00 °C
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Flerovium
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4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Unknown
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Unknown Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium
5.50
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
Osmium
1,450.00 MPa
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten
1,520.00 MPa
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium
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4.5 Speed of Sound
Technetium
3,010.00 m/s
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
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4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
Palladium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
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4.6.2 Reflectivity
Silver
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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4.7 Allotropes
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Hf
Rf
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium
32
Rank: 7 (Overall)
13
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Tennessine
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5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold
1.30
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Francium
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5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium
1.23
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium
1.16
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium
2.70
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Gold
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5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium
658.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
579.90 kJ/mol
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Cesium
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5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
Chromium
1,440.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 44 (Overall)
1,389.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Ruthenium
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5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
Chromium
2,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 60 (Overall)
2,296.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 56 (Overall)
Osmium
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5.5.4 4th Energy Level
Chromium
3,216.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 63 (Overall)
3,077.90 kJ/mol
Rank: 65 (Overall)
Thorium
ADD ⊕
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium
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5.5.6 6th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium
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5.5.7 7th Energy level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium
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5.5.8 8th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium
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5.5.9 9th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
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5.5.10 10th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium
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5.5.11 11th Energy Level
Magnesium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium
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5.5.12 12th Energy Level
Magnesium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.13 13th Energy Level
Titanium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.14 14th Energy Level
Vanadium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.15 15th Energy Level
Chromium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese
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5.5.16 16th Energy Level
Manganese
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron
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5.5.17 17th Energy Level
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt
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5.5.18 18th Energy Level
Cobalt
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel
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5.5.19 19th Energy Level
Nickel
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper
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5.5.20 20th Energy Level
Zinc
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.21 21st Energy Level
Zinc
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
Copper
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
Copper
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.24 24th Energy Level
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
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5.5.25 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium
1.66 g/amp-hr
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
ADD ⊕
5.7 Electron Work Function
Platinum
3.90 eV
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
ADD ⊕
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine
72
Rank: 44 (Overall)
104
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
104
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium
106
Rank: 29 (Overall)
157
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.4.3 Number of Electrons
Tennessine
72
Rank: 43 (Overall)
104
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium
159.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
150.00 pm
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.5.2 Covalent Radius
Francium
175.00 pm
Rank: 23 (Overall)
157.00 pm
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
Francium
200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Zinc
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6.6 Atomic Weight
Tennessine
178.49 amu
Rank: 39 (Overall)
267.00 amu
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Lithium
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6.7 Atomic Volume
Cesium
13.60 cm3/mol
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese
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6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum
81.00 (-eV)
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Francium
ADD ⊕
6.10 Lattice Constant
Manganese
319.64 pm
Rank: 55 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium
1.58
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium
13.31 g/cm3
Rank: 26 (Overall)
23.20 g/cm3
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Lithium
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7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium
12.00 g/cm3
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Lithium
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7.2 Tensile Strength
Iron
445.00 MPa
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium
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7.3 Viscosity
Mercury
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium
ADD ⊕
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten
ADD ⊕
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium
30.00 GPa
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Potassium
ADD ⊕
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
Osmium
110.00 GPa
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
ADD ⊕
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
Iridium
78.00 GPa
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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7.6 Poisson Ratio
Gallium
0.37
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt
13.31
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Lithium
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8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Unknown
8.1.3 Permeability
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
ADD ⊕
8.1.4 Susceptibility
Iron
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth
ADD ⊕
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
8.2.2 Resistivity
Mercury
331.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium
ADD ⊕
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
Silver
0.03 106/cm Ω
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium
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8.2.4 Electron Affinity
Gold
0.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 40 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
ADD ⊕
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
Lithium
0.14 J/(kg K)
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Americium
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9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium
25.73 J/mol·K
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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9.3 Thermal Conductivity
Silver
23.00 W/m·K
Rank: 41 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Neptunium
ADD ⊕
9.4 Critical Temperature
Lithium
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium
ADD ⊕
9.5 Thermal Expansion
Cesium
5.90 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Tungsten
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9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten
661.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Zinc
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9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten
25.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium
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9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten
703.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury
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9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium
43.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Beryllium
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