1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.7 CAS Number
74405867440280
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
2.2 Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
William Crookes
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %5 * 10-9 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites
2.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.6.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,150.00 °C303.50 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C1,457.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.3 Color
5.3.4 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.2 Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
5.4.4 Vickers Hardness
6.3 Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
7.1.1 Reflectivity
7.3 Allotropes
7.3.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.3.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.6.1 Allen Electronegativity
8.7 Electropositivity
8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.9 Ionization Energies
8.9.1 1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.9.3 2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.9.4 3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.2.2 4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
9.2.3 5th Energy Level
9.3.2 6th Energy Level
9.3.3 7th Energy level
9.3.6 8th Energy Level
9.3.8 9th Energy Level
9.3.10 10th Energy Level
9.4.2 11th Energy Level
9.5.3 12th Energy Level
9.5.6 13th Energy Level
9.5.9 14th Energy Level
9.5.12 15th Energy Level
9.5.14 16th Energy Level
9.5.16 17th Energy Level
9.5.19 18th Energy Level
9.5.20 19th Energy Level
9.5.22 20th Energy Level
9.5.24 21st Energy Level
9.5.25 22nd Energy Level
9.5.27 23rd Energy Level
9.5.29 24th Energy Level
9.5.30 25th Energy Level
9.5.32 26th Energy Level
9.5.34 27th Energy Level
9.5.35 28th Energy Level
9.5.37 29th Energy Level
9.5.39 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.4.6 Number of Electrons
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm170.00 pm
112
265
10.6.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm145.00 pm
96
260
10.7.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm196.00 pm
139
348
10.8 Atomic Weight
178.49 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
11.2 Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.6 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.6.1 Previous Element
11.6.2 Next Element
11.7 Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.8 Lattice Constant
319.64 pm345.66 pm
228.58
891.25
11.9 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.10 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.3 Tensile Strength
12.4 Viscosity
12.5 Vapor Pressure
12.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA16.90 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
12.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.7 Elasticity properties
12.7.1 Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
12.7.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa43.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.8.1 Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa8.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.9 Poisson Ratio
12.12 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
13.1.3 Permeability
13.1.4 Susceptibility
13.3 Electrical Properties
13.3.1 Electrical Property
13.3.2 Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.5.1 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.5 Critical Temperature
15.8 Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.9 Enthalpy
15.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.10.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.10.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.11 Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1