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Holmium vs Californium

Holmium
Californium
Californium vs Holmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho   
Cf   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1878   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
Not Available   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
67   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
98   
34
153   
9
Number of Electrons
67   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Erbium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
Not Available   
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