Livermorium

Gadolinium

Livermorium Gadolinium Comparison

Livermorium

Gadolinium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

160

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Probably Post-Transition

Lanthanide

1.6 CAS Number

541007197440542

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Not Available

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

NA194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Not Available

Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.

2.2 Sources

Synthetically Produced

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac

2.3.2 Discovery

In 2000

In 1880

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.0000002 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Currently known uses of Livermorium metal are limited to research purpose only.

Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Unknown

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NANA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NANA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

NA1,311.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

NA3,233.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Unknown

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Unknown Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NANA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NANA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA510.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA2,680.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

526

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

NA1.20

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

NA1.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

NANA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

NA2.80

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

723.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,331.50 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,846.30 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

3,811.20 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,078.60 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

NA1.96 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA3.10 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

11664

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p⁴

[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Not Known

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

11664

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

16093

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

11664

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

NA180.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

NA196.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

NA237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

293.00 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

NA19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA46.10 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

NA363.60 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

NA7.90 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA7.40 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA7.39 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA21.80 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA37.90 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA54.80 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.26

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Unknown

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

NA7.90

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Ferromagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

NA1.31 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

NA0.01 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA50.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

NA0.23 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

NA37.03 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

NA10.60 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

NA9.40 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

NA359.40 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

NA10.05 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

NA352.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA68.10 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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