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Neptunium vs Berkelium

Neptunium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Bk  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
Pnma  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
150  
12
Number of Electrons
93  
25
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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