1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.3 Period Number
2.4 Block
2.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
2.6 CAS Number
74400317440542
7429905
54386242
3.2 Space Group Name
3.3 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
4.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
4.5.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
4.6.2 Abundance In Meteorites
4.6.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.6.6 Abundance In Oceans
4.7.1 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
6.1.1 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
2,468.00 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
7.4 Appearance
7.4.1 Physical State
7.4.2 Color
7.4.3 Luster
7.5 Hardness
7.5.1 Mohs Hardness
7.5.4 Brinell Hardness
7.5.6 Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa510.00 MPa
121
3430
7.6 Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
7.9 Optical Properties
7.9.1 Refractive Index
7.9.2 Reflectivity
7.10 Allotropes
7.10.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.10.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.10.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
8.4 Electropositivity
8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.5 Ionization Energies
8.5.1 1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.5.5 3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.5.7 4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.5.9 5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
8.5.10 6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
8.5.12 7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
8.5.14 8th Energy Level
8.5.16 9th Energy Level
8.5.18 10th Energy Level
8.5.20 11th Energy Level
8.5.23 12th Energy Level
8.5.25 13th Energy Level
8.5.28 14th Energy Level
8.5.30 15th Energy Level
8.5.33 16th Energy Level
8.5.35 17th Energy Level
8.5.37 18th Energy Level
8.6.1 19th Energy Level
8.6.2 20th Energy Level
8.7.1 21st Energy Level
9.1.1 22nd Energy Level
9.1.2 23rd Energy Level
9.4.2 24th Energy Level
9.4.3 25th Energy Level
9.4.5 26th Energy Level
9.4.6 27th Energy Level
9.4.8 28th Energy Level
9.4.9 29th Energy Level
9.5.2 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.7 Electron Work Function
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.7.1 Number of Neutrons
10.8.1 Number of Electrons
10.11 Radius of an Atom
10.11.1 Atomic Radius
146.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
11.1.2 Covalent Radius
164.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
11.1.4 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
11.2 Atomic Weight
92.91 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
11.5 Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.7.1 Previous Element
11.7.2 Next Element
11.8 Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.9 Lattice Constant
330.04 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
11.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.3 Tensile Strength
13.2 Viscosity
13.3 Vapor Pressure
13.3.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.3.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.4 Elasticity properties
13.4.1 Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
13.5.3 Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
13.5.5 Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
14.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
15.2.2 Permeability
15.3.1 Susceptibility
15.4 Electrical Properties
15.4.1 Electrical Property
15.4.2 Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.6.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.6.2 Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.5 Critical Temperature
16.6 Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.7 Enthalpy
16.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.7.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.8 Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1