1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.7 CAS Number
74400317439921
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1801
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.4 Abundance In Meteorites
1.2.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.2.3 Abundance In Oceans
1.3.2 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
3.1.3 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.5 Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.2.2 Other Uses
3.3 Biological Properties
3.3.1 Toxicity
3.3.3 Present in Human Body
3.3.5 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.3.6 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,468.00 °C327.50 °C
27
3410
6.5 Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C1,740.00 °C
147
5660
6.7 Appearance
6.7.1 Physical State
6.7.2 Color
6.7.3 Luster
6.8 Hardness
6.8.1 Mohs Hardness
6.10.3 Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.10.6 Vickers Hardness
6.11 Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
6.13 Optical Properties
6.13.1 Refractive Index
7.2.2 Reflectivity
7.4 Allotropes
7.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.2.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.3.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.3.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.5.3 Allen Electronegativity
10.6 Electropositivity
10.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.7 Ionization Energies
10.7.1 1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.8.2 2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.9.2 3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.10.2 4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.11.2 5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
10.11.5 6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
11.2.2 7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
11.2.4 8th Energy Level
11.3.2 9th Energy Level
11.3.4 10th Energy Level
11.3.7 11th Energy Level
11.3.11 12th Energy Level
11.3.14 13th Energy Level
11.3.16 14th Energy Level
11.3.19 15th Energy Level
11.4.2 16th Energy Level
11.4.4 17th Energy Level
11.5.3 18th Energy Level
11.5.7 19th Energy Level
11.5.10 20th Energy Level
11.5.12 21st Energy Level
11.5.15 22nd Energy Level
11.5.17 23rd Energy Level
11.5.19 24th Energy Level
11.5.22 25th Energy Level
11.5.24 26th Energy Level
11.5.27 27th Energy Level
11.5.30 28th Energy Level
11.5.32 29th Energy Level
11.5.35 30th Energy Level
11.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.8 Electron Work Function
11.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
13.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.7.4 Number of Neutrons
13.8.2 Number of Electrons
13.13 Radius of an Atom
13.13.1 Atomic Radius
146.00 pm175.00 pm
112
265
13.15.2 Covalent Radius
164.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
13.15.4 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm202.00 pm
139
348
14.5 Atomic Weight
92.91 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
14.7 Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.9.1 Previous Element
14.9.2 Next Element
14.10 Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.13 Lattice Constant
330.04 pm495.08 pm
228.58
891.25
14.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
17.2.5 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.3 Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa12.00 MPa
2.5
11000
18.2 Viscosity
18.4 Vapor Pressure
18.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
18.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
18.10 Elasticity properties
18.10.2 Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
19.2.2 Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa46.00 GPa
1.6
462
19.5.2 Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa16.00 GPa
1.7
528
19.7 Poisson Ratio
19.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
20 Magnetic
20.1 Magnetic Characteristics
20.1.1 Specific Gravity
20.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
20.2.2 Permeability
21.2.2 Susceptibility
22.3 Electrical Properties
22.3.1 Electrical Property
22.3.2 Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
22.4.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
22.5.2 Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
23 Thermal
23.1 Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
23.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
24.3 Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
24.7 Critical Temperature
25.2 Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
25.4 Enthalpy
25.4.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
25.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
25.7.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
25.10 Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1