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Plutonium vs Cadmium

Plutonium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Plutonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pu  
Cd  
Group Number
0  
18
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440075  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P121/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
11.00  
16
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
639.50 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C  
25
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
627.00 MPa  
22
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
617.00 MPa  
26
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pu  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.28  
34
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.28  
26
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.28  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.72  
21
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
39
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr  
26
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.88 eV  
38
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
94  
24
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
94  
24
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
94  
24
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm  
20
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
244.00 amu  
19
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neptunium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Americium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)  
21
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
618.30 pm  
4
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.74  
6
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3  
13
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3  
18
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
28
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa  
18
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa  
16
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
96.00 GPa  
23
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.84  
16
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.60 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K  
4
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)  
6
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol  
36
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol  
35
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.10 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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