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Plutonium
Plutonium

Californium
Californium



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Plutonium
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Plutonium vs Californium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pu
Cf
1.2 Group Number
0NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
77
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74400757440713
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P121/m1
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
11.00194.00
Uranium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2.3.2 Discovery
In Between 1940 1941
In 1950
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NANA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NANA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NANA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NANA
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Tin
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Tin
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
639.50 °C900.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C1,470.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
NA
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA3.00
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pu
Cf
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2020
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.281.30
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.221.20
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.722.70
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
1.2.1 2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol1,206.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
1.2.2 3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol2,267.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
1.3.1 4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol3,599.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
1.6.1 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
1.6.2 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
1.8.1 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
2.1.1 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
2.4.2 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
2.4.4 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
2.4.5 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
2.4.7 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
2.4.9 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
2.4.11 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
2.4.12 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
2.4.14 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
3.2.4 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
3.2.5 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
3.2.7 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
4.1.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
4.1.2 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
4.2.1 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
4.3.2 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
4.4.2 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
4.4.4 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
4.4.5 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
4.4.6 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
4.4.8 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
4.4.9 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
4.5.1 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
4.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
4.8 Electron Work Function
NANA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
4.9 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
5 Atomic
5.1 Atomic Number
9498
Lithium
3 117
6.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
6.4 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.4.1 Crystal Lattice
6.5 Atom
6.5.1 Number of Protons
9498
Lithium
3 117
6.6.2 Number of Neutrons
150153
Lithium
4 184
6.6.4 Number of Electrons
9498
Lithium
3 117
6.7 Radius of an Atom
6.7.1 Atomic Radius
159.00 pm186.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.7.3 Covalent Radius
187.00 pmNA
Beryllium
96 260
6.7.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pmNA
Zinc
139 348
6.8 Atomic Weight
244.00 amu251.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.9 Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/molNA
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.11.1 Previous Element
6.11.2 Next Element
6.12 Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)44.50 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.14 Lattice Constant
618.30 pm338.00 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.15 Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm315.10 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
43.00 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.3 Bulk Modulus
NANA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.5 Young's Modulus
96.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.21NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable, Sectile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
19.8415.10
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.5 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Unknown
8.2.2 Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·mNA
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm ΩNA
Palladium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.6 Electron Affinity
NANA
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)NA
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·KNA
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)NA
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.4 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/molNA
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.6 Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/molNA
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NANA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1