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Protactinium vs Rutherfordium

Protactinium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Protactinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pa  
Rf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440133  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
-  
Space Group Number
139.00  
11
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1900  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,568.00 °C  
21
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
4,027.00 °C  
12
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
-  
Brinell Hardness
125.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
220.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
12,400.00 m/s  
3
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pa  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.50  
28
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14  
29
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.50  
26
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.50  
32
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,814.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,991.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
568.50 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
568.30 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.72 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
5.89 eV  
3
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
91  
27
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
91  
27
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
122  
22
157  
8
Number of Electrons
91  
27
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
163.00 pm  
27
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
200.00 pm  
11
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
243.00 pm  
15
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
231.04 amu  
24
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thorium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Uranium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
92.00 (-eV)  
11
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
392.50 pm  
26
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
36
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.37 g/cm3  
20
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.37 g/cm3  
21
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
47.00 GPa  
26
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
47.00 GPa  
99+
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.37  
23
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
177.00 nΩ·m  
21
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
39
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
53.03 kJ/mol  
22
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
47.00 W/m·K  
32
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,841.00 K  
25
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
481.00 kJ/mol  
17
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.34 kJ/mol  
34
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
481.90 kJ/mol  
19
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
198.10 J/mol.K  
1
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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