Rhodium Zinc Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh
Zn
Group Number
9
9
12
6
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440166
99+
7440666
24
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Indian metallurgists
Discovery
In 1804
Before 1000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
3 * 10-5 %
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0002 %
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
16
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
10
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
In Bone
Not Available
170.00 p.p.m.
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C
12
419.58 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C
17
907.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa
9
327.00 MPa
32
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa
9
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s
15
3,850.00 m/s
18
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.00
2
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
80.00 %
5
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh
Zn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
16
23
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28
3
1.65
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.23
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
1.66
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.65
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.56
24
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72
99+
2.35
35
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol
29
906.40 kJ/mol
6
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
4.33 eV
17
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45
99+
30
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
45
99+
30
99+
Number of Neutrons
58
99+
35
99+
Number of Electrons
45
99+
30
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
122.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
139.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu
99+
65.38 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
38.90 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm
27
266.49 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3
28
7.14 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3
14
6.57 g/cm3
37
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)
19
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa
6
43.00 GPa
18
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa
5
70.00 GPa
19
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa
5
108.00 GPa
19
Poisson Ratio
0.26
22
0.25
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.41
20
6.90
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
59.00 nΩ·m
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol
7
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
25.47 J/mol·K
39
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K
9
116.00 W/m·K
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol
12
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol
10
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol
12
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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