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Ruthenium
Ruthenium

Californium
Californium



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Ruthenium
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Californium

Ruthenium Californium Comparison

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ru
Cf
1.2 Group Number
8NA
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
57
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440713
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1844
In 1950
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %NA
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~-9999 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %NA
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C900.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C1,470.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.503.00
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPaNA
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium Metal
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/sNA
Thallium Metal
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ru
Cf
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2620
Tennessine Metal
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.201.30
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.20
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.54NA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.70
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,206.00 kJ/mol
Palladium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,267.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,599.00 kJ/mol
Thorium Metal
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.71 eVNA
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4498
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4498
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
57153
Lithium Metal
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4498
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm186.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pmNA
Beryllium Metal
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pmNA
Zinc Metal
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu251.00 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/molNA
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)44.50 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm338.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58NA
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm315.10 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3NA
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPaNA
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPaNA
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPaNA
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.30NA
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable, Sectile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.4515.10
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Unknown
8.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·mNA
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm ΩNA
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/molNA
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)NA
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·KNA
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)NA
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/molNA
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/molNA
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/molNA
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1