1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.9 CAS Number
74401887440586
7429905
54386242
1.10 Space Group Name
1.11 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product Zirconium Refining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.5 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.9 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.15 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.20 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.24 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.3.1 In Blood
3.4.2 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C2,150.00 °C
27
3410
5.5 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C5,400.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.7.5 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.8.2 Vickers Hardness
5.9 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s
818
16200
5.10 Optical Properties
5.10.1 Refractive Index
5.10.4 Reflectivity
5.11 Allotropes
5.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.5.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.7.1 Allen Electronegativity
6.8 Electropositivity
6.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.10 Ionization Energies
6.10.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.11.1 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.11.2 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,250.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
6.14.1 4th Energy Level
NA3,216.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.1.1 5th Energy Level
8.1.3 6th Energy Level
8.4.2 7th Energy level
8.5.2 8th Energy Level
8.5.3 9th Energy Level
8.7.3 10th Energy Level
8.7.5 11th Energy Level
8.9.2 12th Energy Level
8.9.4 13th Energy Level
8.9.7 14th Energy Level
8.11.1 15th Energy Level
9.2.1 16th Energy Level
9.2.4 17th Energy Level
9.5.1 18th Energy Level
9.5.4 19th Energy Level
10.1.1 20th Energy Level
10.4.1 21st Energy Level
10.5.1 22nd Energy Level
11.2.1 23rd Energy Level
11.3.1 24th Energy Level
11.4.3 25th Energy Level
11.4.5 26th Energy Level
11.4.7 27th Energy Level
11.6.1 28th Energy Level
11.7.1 29th Energy Level
11.8.2 30th Energy Level
11.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.66 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.11 Electron Work Function
11.12 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
12.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.3.1 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
13.1.2 Number of Neutrons
13.1.6 Number of Electrons
13.3 Radius of an Atom
13.3.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm159.00 pm
112
265
13.3.3 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
13.3.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
14.3 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu178.49 amu
6.94
294
14.5 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol13.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.8.1 Previous Element
14.8.2 Next Element
14.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.11 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm319.64 pm
228.58
891.25
14.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm313.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm312.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
1.2 Tensile Strength
1.3 Viscosity
1.4 Vapor Pressure
1.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
1.6 Elasticity properties
1.6.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
1.6.3 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
1.6.5 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa78.00 GPa
1.7
528
1.7 Poisson Ratio
1.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
2.1.3 Permeability
2.1.4 Susceptibility
2.2 Electrical Properties
2.2.1 Electrical Property
2.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m331.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
2.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
3 Thermal
3.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
3.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K25.73 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
3.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K23.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
3.4 Critical Temperature
3.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)5.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
3.6 Enthalpy
3.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol661.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
3.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol25.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
3.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
3.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K43.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1