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Thorium Copernicium Comparison

Thorium
Copernicium
Copernicium Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Cn  
Group Number
0  
18
12  
6
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
54084263  
7
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
187.00  
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Copernicium was first synthesized in 1996 by a German research team.  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1996  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
-  
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
240.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
3,570.00 MPa  
2
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
3,570.00 m/s  
30
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
45.00 %  
32
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Cn  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
1  
34
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.90  
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.90  
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.90  
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,154.90 kJ/mol  
2
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,170.00 kJ/mol  
9
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,245.40 kJ/mol  
9
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,499.70 kJ/mol  
23
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,570.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,570.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,850.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,570.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,700.00 kJ/mol  
26
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,157.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
35,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,157.00 kJ/mol  
16
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,570.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,157.60 kJ/mol  
14
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,157.00 kJ/mol  
28
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
357.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
357.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
357.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
357.60 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,157.00 kJ/mol  
2
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,157.00 kJ/mol  
3
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
357.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
112  
6
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
112  
6
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
285  
1
Number of Electrons
90  
28
112  
6
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
122.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
285.00 amu  
5
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
17.80 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Roentgenium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Nihonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.58  
36
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
23.70 g/cm3  
7
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
23.70 g/cm3  
8
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
35.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
23.70  
9
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
4.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
13.10 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
13.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.80 µm/(m·K)  
31
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
357.20 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
Summary >>
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