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Thorium Seaborgium Comparison

Thorium
Seaborgium
Seaborgium Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Sg  
Group Number
0  
18
6  
12
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
54038812  
9
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Seaborgium most stable isotope is Sg and it has 2.1 min of half- life.
  • And other isotopes of Seaborgium have half-lives as short as 3 ms.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1974  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Currently known uses of Seaborgium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
27
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
-  
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
3,200.00 m/s  
35
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Sg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
757.40 kJ/mol  
21
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,732.90 kJ/mol  
29
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,483.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,415.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,561.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,715.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,600.00 kJ/mol  
39
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
971.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
573.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
22
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
971.00 kJ/mol  
4
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
7
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
10
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
761.90 kJ/mol  
21
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.20 g/amp-hr  
14
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
-  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
106  
12
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
106  
12
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
157  
8
Number of Electrons
90  
28
106  
12
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
132.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
143.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
230.00 pm  
24
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
269.00 amu  
9
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
35.00 cm3/mol  
8
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Dubnium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Bohrium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
6.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.36  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
12.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
35.00  
6
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.38 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
35.00 J/mol·K  
5
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
0.14 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,200.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
585.00 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
650.00 kJ/mol  
8
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
42.70 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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