1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74406447440586
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
824.00 °C2,150.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C5,400.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa1,520.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol2,250.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol3,216.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr1.66 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm159.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
187.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
173.05 amu178.49 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol13.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
548.47 pm319.64 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm313.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm312.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
58.00 MPa445.00 MPa
2.5
11000
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa78.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m331.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K25.73 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K23.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)5.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol661.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol25.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K43.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1