Barium vs Gadolinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba
Gd
Group Number
2
16
0
18
Period Number
6
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440393
99+
7440542
33
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
In 1772
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %
11
0.00 %
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
12
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
- Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
15
Not Available
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.
9
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
725.00 °C
99+
1,311.00 °C
35
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C
99+
3,233.00 °C
25
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.25
19
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
510.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s
99+
2,680.00 m/s
34
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ba
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
37
2
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89
99+
1.20
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68
28
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97
38
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88
22
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.88
99+
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11
4
2.80
15
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol
99+
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol
14
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr
20
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV
99+
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
56
99+
64
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
56
99+
64
99+
Number of Neutrons
81
99+
93
37
Number of Electrons
56
99+
64
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm
4
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm
5
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm
6
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol
5
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)
99+
46.10 (-eV)
34
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm
15
363.60 pm
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.59
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3
99+
7.90 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3
99+
7.40 g/cm3
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)
6
0.00 (Pa)
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
7.39 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa
99+
21.80 GPa
33
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa
99+
37.90 GPa
34
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa
99+
54.80 GPa
35
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.26
23
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
3.62
99+
7.90
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m
13
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
40
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol
36
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)
30
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K
12
37.03 J/mol·K
2
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K
99+
10.60 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)
22
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol
99+
359.40 kJ/mol
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
10.05 kJ/mol
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol
99+
352.00 kJ/mol
27
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K
20
68.10 J/mol.K
16
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