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Barium vs Gadolinium


Gadolinium vs Barium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ba   
Gd   

Group Number
2   
16
0   
18

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
s block   
f block   

Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440393   
99+
7440542   
33

Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   

Discovery
In 1772   
In 1880   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
2 * 10-7 %   
22

Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.0000002 %   
25

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
34

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %   
11
0.00 %   
30

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
38

Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
12
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  

Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   

In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3   
15
Not Available   

In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.   
9
Not Available   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
725.00 °C   
99+
1,311.00 °C   
35

Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C   
99+
3,233.00 °C   
25

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.25   
19
Not Available   

Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
510.00 MPa   
22

Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s   
99+
2,680.00 m/s   
34

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ba   
Gd   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
37   
2
26   
13

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
0.89   
99+
1.20   
39

Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68   
28
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97   
38
1.11   
29

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88   
22
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
0.88   
99+
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
3.11   
4
2.80   
15

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol   
99+
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol   
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30

Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr   
20
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32

Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
3.10 eV   
35

Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
56   
99+
64   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
56   
99+
64   
99+

Number of Neutrons
81   
99+
93   
37

Number of Electrons
56   
99+
64   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
222.00 pm   
4
180.00 pm   
14

Covalent Radius
215.00 pm   
5
196.00 pm   
14

Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm   
6
237.00 pm   
15

Atomic Weight
137.33 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol   
5
19.90 cm3/mol   
20

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Cesium
  
Europium
  

Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Terbium
  

Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)   
99+
46.10 (-eV)   
34

Lattice Constant
502.80 pm   
15
363.60 pm   
32

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
9

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3   
99+
7.90 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3   
99+
7.40 g/cm3   
31

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)   
6
0.00 (Pa)   
30

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
7.39 (Pa)   
9

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa   
99+
21.80 GPa   
33

Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa   
99+
37.90 GPa   
34

Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa   
99+
54.80 GPa   
35

Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.26   
23

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
3.62   
99+
7.90   
40

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m   
13
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
40
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol   
36
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)   
30
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27

Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K   
12
37.03 J/mol·K   
2

Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K   
99+
10.60 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)   
22
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
359.40 kJ/mol   
21

Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol   
99+
10.05 kJ/mol   
36

Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol   
99+
352.00 kJ/mol   
27

Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K   
20
68.10 J/mol.K   
16

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