Gadolinium vs Barium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Ba
Group Number
0
18
2
16
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440393
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Discovery
In 1880
In 1772
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.03 %
11
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
- Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
15
In Bone
Not Available
70.00 p.p.m.
9
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
725.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
1,140.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
1.25
19
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
1,620.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Ba
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
37
2
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
0.89
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.68
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
0.97
38
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.88
22
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.88
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
3.11
4
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
502.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
965.20 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,600.00 kJ/mol
14
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
2.56 g/amp-hr
20
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
56
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
56
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
81
99+
Number of Electrons
64
99+
56
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
222.00 pm
4
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
215.00 pm
5
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
268.00 pm
6
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
137.33 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
39.24 cm3/mol
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
21.30 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
502.80 pm
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
3.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
3.34 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
7.11 (Pa)
6
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
4.90 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
9.60 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
13.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
3.62
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
332.00 nΩ·m
13
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
40
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
13.95 kJ/mol
36
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.20 J/(kg K)
30
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
28.07 J/mol·K
12
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
18.40 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
20.60 µm/(m·K)
22
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
140.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
175.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
62.50 J/mol.K
20
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