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Gadolinium vs Promethium

Gadolinium
Promethium
Promethium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Pm   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.07   
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
84   
40
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
Not Available   
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