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Promethium vs Cerium

Promethium
Cerium
Cerium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Ce   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
Not Available   
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.12   
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.08   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
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