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Cerium vs Promethium

Cerium
Promethium
Promethium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Pm   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.07   
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
Not Available   
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