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Barium vs Cerium

Barium
Cerium
Cerium vs Barium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba  
Ce  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440393  
99+
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1772  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %  
11
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3  
15
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.  
9
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
725.00 °C  
99+
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.25  
20
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
130.00 MPa  
99+
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s  
99+
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.47  
38
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ba  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
37  
2
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68  
99+
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11  
4
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr  
24
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
56  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
56  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
81  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
56  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm  
5
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm  
5
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm  
8
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol  
6
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cesium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm  
17
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa  
99+
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa  
99+
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.22  
31
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
3.62  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m  
13
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
31
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K  
15
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,000.00 K  
99+
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)  
24
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol  
99+
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol  
99+
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K  
25
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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