mbandhingaké Hafnium lan thorium
Tabel périodik
Symbol
Hf
Th
Panggil Group
4
14
0
18
Panggil periode
6
7
Block
d block
pemblokiran f
Family unsur
transisi Metal
actinide
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440326
99+
Jeneng papan Group
P63 / mmc
P63 / mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
facts
Facts Interesting
- Hafnium logam reaktif, Empu ora ketemu gratis ing alam.
- metal Hafnium minangka predicated sawise Mendeleev rampung tabel périodik kang.
- metal Thorium digunakake minangka pilihan sulih liwat Uranium kanggo bahan bakar nuklir.
- Thorium logam katon (putih, alus) iku kaya-kaya padha Lead logam.
sumber
Miturut-produk Nyaring panggolekan Zirconium
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
sing katutup
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
ing taun 1922
ing 1829
turah mbrawah
Turah mbrawah Ing Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
3 * 10-4 %
9
Turah mbrawah Ing Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0004 %
9
Turah mbrawah Ing meteorit
0.00 %
37
0.05 %
11
Turah mbrawah Ing bumi lemah ndhuwur
0.00 %
31
0.66 %
7
Turah mbrawah Ing Segara
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
15
ulah
Ulah lan Wuku
Character length exceed error
- metal Thorium digunakake minangka agen allying kanggo Magnesium, Iku imparts kekuatan luwih lan resistance kanggo suhu.
- senyawa saka logam Thorium oxide digunakake minangka katalis industri.
Ulah Industrial
Industry amunisi
Industry Aerospace, Industry automobile, Industri Kimia, Industry Listrik, Industry Elektronik
Ulah Medical
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Ulah liyane
wesi, Ing Reactors Nuclear, Nuclear Riset, tujuan Research
wesi, Jewellery, patung, Statues
Properties biologi
keracunan
Toxic
non Toxic
Saiki ing badan Human
Ora
Ya
Sang
ora Sumadhiya
0.00 Sang / mg dm-3
33
ing Bone
ora Sumadhiya
0.02 ppm
29
fisik Properties
leleh Point
2,150.00 ° C
10
1,750.00 ° C
17
Boiling Point
5,400.00 ° C
5
4,790.00 ° C
8
katon
State fisik
Solid
Solid
warna
Gray
Silver
luster
metallic
NA
atose
Mohs atose
5.50
7
3.00
12
Brinell atose
1,450.00 MPa
6
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers atose
1,520.00 MPa
5
295.00 MPa
29
Kacepetan swara
3,010.00 m / s
27
2,490.00 m / s
36
Properties Optical
allotropes
Ora
Ora
α allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
β allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
γ allotropes
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
Kimia Properties
Formula Kimia
Hf
Th
isotop
Isotop dikenal
32
7
28
11
keelektronegatifan
Pauling Elektronegativitas
1.30
32
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Elektronegativitas
1.23
25
1.11
29
Allen Elektronegativitas
1.16
37
ora Sumadhiya
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.70
22
tenogo ionisasi
Level Energy 1st
658.50 kJ / mol
40
587.00 kJ / mol
99+
Level Energy 2
1,440.00 kJ / mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ / mol
99+
Level Energy 3rd
2,250.00 kJ / mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ / mol
99+
Level Energy 4
3,216.00 kJ / mol
99+
2,780.00 kJ / mol
99+
padha karo elektrokimia
1.66 g / amp-day
99+
2.16 g / amp-day
24
Fungsi Work elektron
3.90 eV
27
3.41 eV
32
Properties Kimia liyane
anti Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, kelarutan
Corrosion, ionisasi, Isotop radioaktif, Radioaktif
atom Properties
Panggil atom
72
99+
90
28
Konfigurasi elektron
[Xe] 4F 14 5d 2 6s 2
[Rn] 6D 2 7s 2
Struktur Crystal
Hexagonal Tutup dikempalken (HCP)
Face tengah kubik (FCC)
Crystal pola
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
atom
Jumlah proton
72
99+
90
28
Jumlah Neutron
106
29
142
15
Jumlah Èlèktron
72
99+
90
28
Radius saka Atom
Radius atom
159.00 pm
28
179.80 pm
15
kovalen Radius
175.00 pm
23
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Bobot atom
178.49 Amu
39
232.04 Amu
23
Volume atom
13.60 cm3 / mol
38
19.90 cm3 / mol
20
Nomer atom jejer
Potensi Valence Electron
81.00 (-eV)
16
59.30 (-eV)
23
Constant pola
319.64 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
pola Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Pola C / A rasio
1.58
12
ora Sumadhiya
Teknik Properties
Kapadhetan
Kapadhetan Ing suhu kamar
13.31 g / cm 3
26
11.72 g / cm 3
32
Kapadhetan Nalika Liquid (ing mp)
12.00 g / cm3
12
ora Sumadhiya
Strength tensile
445.00 MPa
8
ora Sumadhiya
viskositas
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
meksa beluk
Meksa beluk ing 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
0.00 (Pa)
22
situs kelenturan
nyukur pengaturan
30.00 GPA
23
31.00 GPA
21
pengaturan akeh
110.00 GPA
15
54.00 GPA
22
Young kang pengaturan
78.00 GPA
25
79.00 GPA
24
Poisson rasio
0.37
7
0.27
20
Properties Teknik liyane
ductile, malleable
ductile
Magnetic Properties
Ciri Magnetic
Gravitasi tartamtu
13.31
18
11.70
23
Nindakake Magnetic
paramagnetic
paramagnetic
Properties Listrik
Property Listrik
Arman
superconductor
resistivity
331.00 nΩ · m
14
157.00 nΩ · m
22
konduktivitas listrik
0.03 10 6 / cm Ω
39
0.07 10 6 / cm Ω
31
elektron Affinity
0.00 kJ / mol
40
ora Sumadhiya
termal Properties
Kalor tartamtu
0.14 J / (kg K)
37
0.12 J / (kg K)
40
Graham Kapasitas kalor
25.73 J / mol · K
36
26.23 J / mol · K
30
doyo termal
23.00 W / m · K
99+
54.00 W / m · K
28
suhu kritis
ora Sumadhiya
ora Sumadhiya
Expansion termal
5.90 μm / (m · K)
99+
11.00 μm / (m · K)
36
enthalpy
Enthalpy panguapan
661.10 kJ / mol
5
429.00 kJ / mol
15
Enthalpy saka Fusion
25.10 kJ / mol
8
15.48 kJ / mol
19
Enthalpy saka atomization
703.00 kJ / mol
5
468.60 kJ / mol
15
Standard molar Entropy
43.60 J / mol.K
34
27.30 J / mol.K
99+
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