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Actinium vs Hafnium

Actinium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Actinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ac  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440348  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Actinium glows in the dark due to its radioactivity.  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Obtained by Treating Radium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Friedrich Oskar Giesel  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1902  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Actinium metal has a great source of alpha rays but it is hardly used outside research purpose.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,227.00 °C  
38
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,200.00 °C  
27
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,430.00 m/s  
32
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
62.00 %  
21
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ac  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.10  
38
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.00  
37
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.90  
10
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
33
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
49,900.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
49,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
49,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
4,990.00 kJ/mol  
29
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
499.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.82 g/amp-hr  
22
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.38 eV  
23
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
89  
29
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Actinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
89  
29
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
106  
30
Number of Electrons
89  
29
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
195.00 pm  
9
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
215.00 pm  
31
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
227.00 amu  
25
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
22.54 cm3/mol  
20
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Radium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Thorium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.60 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
567.00 pm  
9
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.00 g/cm3  
40
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.07 g/cm3  
40
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
65.00 MPa  
33
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
94.00 GPa  
17
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
130.00 GPa  
16
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.07  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
5.20 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.15 106/cm Ω  
13
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
33.20 kJ/mol  
34
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
12.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.20 kJ/mol  
28
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
56.50 J/mol.K  
33
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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