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Americium vs Hafnium

Americium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Hf  
Group Number
10  
8
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
106  
30
Number of Electrons
95  
23
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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