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Americium vs Hafnium

Americium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440359   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1944   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
994.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Am   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
95   
23
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95   
23
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
148   
12
106   
29
Number of Electrons
95   
23
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm   
21
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm   
21
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm   
10
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu   
20
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)   
40
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm   
99+
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3   
30
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67   
15
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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