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Americium vs Rutherfordium

Americium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Rf  
Group Number
10  
8
4  
14
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
-  
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
157  
8
Number of Electrons
95  
23
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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