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Americium vs Thorium

Americium
Thorium
Thorium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440359   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1944   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
994.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Am   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
95   
23
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95   
23
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
148   
12
142   
15
Number of Electrons
95   
23
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm   
21
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm   
21
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm   
10
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu   
20
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)   
40
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3   
30
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67   
15
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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