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Berkelium
Berkelium

Thorium
Thorium



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Berkelium Thorium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Bk
Th
1.2 Group Number
NA0
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
77
Lithium Metal
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74404067440326
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium Metal
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1949
In 1829
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NA3 * 10-4 %
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0004 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NA0.05 %
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NA0.66 %
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
986.00 °C1,750.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C4,790.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA3.00
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NA390.00 MPa
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA295.00 MPa
Palladium Metal
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA2,490.00 m/s
Thallium Metal
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Bk
Th
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1428
Tennessine Metal
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.30
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.201.11
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
2.70NA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.70
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
Tin
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
NA3.41 eV
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
9790
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
9790
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
150142
Lithium Metal
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
9790
Lithium Metal
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm179.80 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
NA206.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
NA237.00 pm
Zinc Metal
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
247.00 amu232.04 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
NA19.90 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
341.60 pm508.42 pm
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3NA
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium Metal
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
NA31.00 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
NA54.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
NA79.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
NA0.27
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.0011.70
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
NA157.00 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.07 106/cm Ω
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
NA0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA26.23 J/mol·K
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
NA11.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA429.00 kJ/mol
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
NA15.48 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
NA468.60 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA27.30 J/mol.K
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1