1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74404067440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
986.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.2.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.6.1 Allen Electronegativity
1.7 Electropositivity
1.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.10 Ionization Energies
1.10.1 1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
1.10.2 2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
1.10.3 3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.10.4 4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.10.5 5th Energy Level
1.10.6 6th Energy Level
1.10.7 7th Energy level
1.10.8 8th Energy Level
1.10.9 9th Energy Level
1.10.10 10th Energy Level
1.10.11 11th Energy Level
1.10.12 12th Energy Level
1.10.13 13th Energy Level
1.10.14 14th Energy Level
1.10.15 15th Energy Level
1.10.16 16th Energy Level
1.10.17 17th Energy Level
1.10.18 18th Energy Level
1.10.19 19th Energy Level
1.10.20 20th Energy Level
1.10.21 21st Energy Level
1.10.22 22nd Energy Level
1.10.23 23rd Energy Level
1.10.24 24th Energy Level
1.10.25 25th Energy Level
1.10.26 26th Energy Level
1.10.27 27th Energy Level
1.10.28 28th Energy Level
1.10.29 29th Energy Level
1.10.30 30th Energy Level
1.11 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.12 Electron Work Function
1.13 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.2 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
2.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
2.3.1 Crystal Lattice
2.4 Atom
2.4.1 Number of Protons
2.4.2 Number of Neutrons
2.4.3 Number of Electrons
2.5 Radius of an Atom
2.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
2.5.2 Covalent Radius
2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
2.6 Atomic Weight
247.00 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
2.7 Atomic Volume
NA19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.8.1 Previous Element
2.8.2 Next Element
2.9 Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.10 Lattice Constant
341.60 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
2.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
4.1.4 Susceptibility
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
4.2.2 Resistivity
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.4 Critical Temperature
5.5 Thermal Expansion
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
1.2 Standard Molar Entropy
NA27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1