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Cadmium vs Californium

Cadmium
Californium
Californium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Cf   
Group Number
12   
6
Not Available   
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
153   
9
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
Not Available   
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