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Cadmium vs Californium

Cadmium
Californium
Californium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Cf  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
153  
10
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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