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Californium Niobium Comparison

Californium
Niobium
Niobium Californium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Nb   
Group Number
Not Available   
5   
13
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
98   
20
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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