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Californium Palladium Comparison

Californium
Palladium
Palladium Californium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Pd   
Group Number
Not Available   
10   
8
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440053   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000003 %   
24
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
1,554.90 °C   
22
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
2,963.00 °C   
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
4.75   
9
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
320.00 MPa   
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
121.00 MPa   
36
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,070.00 m/s   
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.72   
1
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Pd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
38   
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.20   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.35   
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.12 eV   
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
46   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Kr] 4d10   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
46   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
60   
99+
Number of Electrons
98   
20
46   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
137.00 pm   
40
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
106.42 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
389.07 pm   
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
12.02 g/cm3   
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.38 g/cm3   
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
121.00 GPa   
16
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.39   
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
12.02   
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
71.80 W/m·K   
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
Summary >>
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