Californium Palladium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf
Pd
Group Number
Not Available
10
8
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440713
20
7440053
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1950
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000003 %
24
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
- It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C
99+
1,554.90 °C
22
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
99+
2,963.00 °C
33
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
4.75
9
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
320.00 MPa
33
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
121.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,070.00 m/s
26
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
Not Available
1.72
1
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
38
1
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.20
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.35
21
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.59
22
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol
99+
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr
15
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.12 eV
3
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98
20
46
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
98
20
46
99+
Number of Neutrons
153
9
60
99+
Number of Electrons
98
20
46
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm
9
137.00 pm
40
Covalent Radius
Not Available
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu
17
106.42 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)
38
33.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm
99+
389.07 pm
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3
21
12.02 g/cm3
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.38 g/cm3
17
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
30
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available
121.00 GPa
16
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.39
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
15.10
13
12.02
21
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Unknown
Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
105.40 nΩ·m
29
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
Electron Affinity
Not Available
54.23 kJ/mol
17
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
25.98 J/mol·K
33
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available
71.80 W/m·K
23
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
376.60 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
16.74 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
393.30 kJ/mol
22
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
37.60 J/mol.K
40
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