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Californium vs Cadmium

Californium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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