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Californium vs Chromium

Californium
Chromium
Chromium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Cr  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1950  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
-  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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