Symbol
Cf
Ga
Group Number
313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
74
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74407137440553
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.0064.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1950
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
-0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
900.00 °C29.78 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C2,403.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.001.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa111.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.301.81
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
63.00 %36.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cf
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2024
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.81
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.302.42
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.201.82
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.302.01
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.301.76
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.19
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV4.20 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
9831
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
9831
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
15339
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
9831
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm135.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm122.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm187.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm451.97 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.30
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa41.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa7.20 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa37.30 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa9.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.300.47
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
15.105.91
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
-
Semiconductor
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
900.00 K302.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
-276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻