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Californium vs Nickel

Californium
Nickel
Nickel vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Ni  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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