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Californium vs Vanadium

Californium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
V  
Group Number
3  
15
5  
13
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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