Symbol
Cn
Ga
Group Number
1213
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
74
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
540842637440553
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
-
Cmca
Space Group Number
187.0064.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
Copernicium was first synthesized in 1996 by a German research team.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Synthetically Produced
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1996
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
-0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
-0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
-0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
-
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
-29.78 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
0.00 °C2,403.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
-
Silvery White
Luster
Unknown Luster
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.001.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
240.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
3,570.00 MPa111.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,570.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.901.81
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
45.00 %36.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cn
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
124
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.901.81
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.302.42
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.901.82
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.902.01
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.901.76
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.002.19
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,154.90 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
2,170.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
4,245.40 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,499.70 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,850.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
35,700.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
3,570.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
1,157.60 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
357.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
1,157.00 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
357.60 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV4.20 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
11231
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
11231
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
28539
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
11231
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm135.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm122.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm187.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
285.00 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
17.80 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
-451.97 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
-
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.30
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
23.70 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.70 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa41.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa7.20 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
35.00 GPa37.30 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa9.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.350.47
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
23.705.91
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
-
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
-
Semiconductor
Resistivity
4.90 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
-28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
13.10 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
13.00 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K302.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.80 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
357.20 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
-5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
-276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻