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Fermium Cadmium Comparison

Fermium
Cadmium
Cadmium Fermium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fm  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440724  
19
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,527.00 °C  
26
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fm  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
18  
21
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.47 eV  
21
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
100  
18
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Not Known  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
100  
18
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
100  
18
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
245.00 pm  
13
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
257.00 amu  
15
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Einsteinium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Mendelevium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
350.00 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
13
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
50.00 GPa  
24
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.70  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
Summary >>
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