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Cadmium vs Nobelium

Cadmium
Nobelium
Nobelium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
No  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
10028145  
16
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • The most stable isotope of Nobelium metal is No-259.
  • No-259 has a half-life of fifty-eight minutes.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Curium-246 or Curium-249 with Carbon-12 Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1966  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
-  
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Nobelium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
827.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
-  
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
1,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
No  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
642.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,254.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,643.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,956.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
35
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,420.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
917.00 kJ/mol  
34
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
627.00 kJ/mol  
36
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
6,410.00 kJ/mol  
12
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
627.00 kJ/mol  
39
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
601.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
641.00 kJ/mol  
37
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
641.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
4.83 g/amp-hr  
4
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
102  
16
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Nobelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
102  
16
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
102  
16
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
259.00 amu  
13
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Mendelevium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Lawrencium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
26.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.76  
5
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
28
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
8.70 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
12.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
9.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
3
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.68 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
0.10 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,100.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
390.40 kJ/mol  
30
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
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